02-relative measurement: measurements in typography that's relationships are defined by a series of relative measurements, there is no absolute value. example: ems & ens are relative measurements.
example: character spacing is linked to type size, and ems and ens size is relative to the type size that is set.
03-point: a basic typographic unit of measurement that has a fixed value, it is used to measure the type size of a font and refers to the height of the type block, not the letter itself.
04-pica:a unit of measurement for lines of type that is equal to 12 points . 6 picas (72 points) = 1 inch. 12pt type is referred to as pica.
05-em(and em dash): relative unit of measurement linked to type size, used for typesetting to define basic space functions, such as paragraph indents and spacing. If the type size increases, the size of the em increases, if type size decreases, so does the em size. example: em of 72pt type is 72 points, and for 48pt type is 48 points etc. One em is said to equal the width a capital 'M' of a particular typeface, usually most capital 'M' will not be as wide as an actual em. (see below for example):
an em is also used in punctuation to provide measurement for dashes. A hyphen although linked to an em is only one third of an em.06-en(and en dash): unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em. For example, in 72 pt. type, an en would be 36 points. En rules is used to mean 'to' in a phrase like 10-11 or 2001-2009, and can be used to denote nested clauses as well. An en dash is half of an em and a hyphen is one third of an em. En dashes can be used to separate ranges of numbers,months, and names.
07-legibility: depends on the ease that an eye can identify letters and distinguish them from one another. The relationship of the letters in the font and the design of the individual letters are both equally important factors. Legibility is determined by formal and psychological influences, as well as cultural norms and expectations of the time.
Letter spacing too tight, loose, small, large, light , or bold can all impair legibility.
08-rag: rag refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. It's important to pay attention to the shapes the ragged line endings make. A good rag should go in and out from line to line in small increments, while a poor rag creates distracting white space in the margin. It is good to make habit of manually making line breaks to correct poor rags.
Example: Poor rag-
09-type alignments:
flush left: type set to the left margin, giving an uneven or ragged right margin.
Advantages: space btw. words is consistent, it's not necessary to hyphenate words, it can be set across narrow columns.
Disadvantages: asymmetry, the ragged right margin can disturb a symmetrical layout.
flush right: type set to right margin, giving ragged left margin.
Advantages: extremely effective for setting small bodies of text, captions etc. in asymmetrical layouts.
Disadvantages: reduced readability.
centered: type set on a central axis, with even word spacing and ragged right and left margins, symmetrical.
Advantages: effective in designing of single pages in formal contexts, like a title page.
Disadvantages: reduced readability
justified: space btw. words is adjusted in each line, giving even margins in both left and right.
Advantages: even left and right margins, neat rectangular text area
Disadvantages: space btw. words will vary from one line to the next, requires hyphenation, requires wide columns/larger number of character per line.
10- word spacing: adjusts the space between words, the ideal word space is the width of a lower case "i"
11-rivers: typically occur when separation of words leaves gaps of white space in several lines in justified text blocks. River effect is created when white space gaps align through the text, by turning text upside-down this can be easy to spot.
12-indent: text blocks can be indented so some or all text lines are moved in from margin by a specified amount. Indents provide the reader with an easy accessible entry point to the paragraph. There are four basic indent types: first line, running, hanging, and on a point.
13-leading: refers to the space between lines of text in a text block, it introduces space into a text block and allows the characters to 'breathe' so information is easy to read. Leading usually have a larger point size than the text it is associated with. example: 14 pt typeface possibly set with 16 pt leading.
14- kerning: separate adjustments in the spaces between individual pairs of letters, when kerning is done correctly, it will create a consistent rhythm of inter-character space. Below is an example of kerned and un-kerned letters:
15-tracking: a.k.a.-letter tracking, this is when you adjust the overall space btw. letters, rather than the space btw. two characters.
16- weight: most typefaces have a choice of weights, from single bold to intermediate weights like book,medium, and demi, or extremes like black or ultra bold. There are only two weights among those typefaces and the interval between the weights varies from one face to the next.
17-scale: content can be differentiated by the scale of type, which is increasing the types point size. A general rule is that any increase should be atleast 2 points because a single point difference can look like an error.
18-typographic variation: helps emaphasize the distinctions among different content for the reader, this is done by varying the typefaces,weights, sizes, and using bold, italics etc.
19-orphan: an orphan is a single word, part of a word, or short line that appears at the beginning of a column or page, resulting in poor horizantal alignment at the top of the column or page.
20- widow: a very short line,usually one word at the end of a column or paragraph. Considered to be bad typography because it leaves too much white space between paragraphs or at bottom of the page.
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