-The advantages of a multiple column grid are: Room for flexibility when designing layouts due to the increased number of columns. The designer is able to create tension and rhythm, achieve consistency when lining things up, and also explore a variety of different layouts by using a multiple column grid.
-Characters optimal for a line length,words per line? 45-75 characters per line,don't want to have a lot of lines that are 75 characters because that is pretty long. 65 characters is considered ideal, and for a multi-column grid 40 to 50 characters is ideal.
-The baseline grid is used in design because: the imaginary grid that type sits upon forces the baseline of a piece of type to 'snap' to this grid, which maintains continuity across the page of design.
-A typographic river is: Typographic rivers generally occur in justified text blocks when the separation of words leaves gaps of white space in several lines, creating a river effect where the white space aligns through the text.
-What is a flow line or clothesline mean? The horizontal alignment across the page, draws the viewers eye from left to right.
-How do you incorporate white space into your designs? By adjusting the size of margins or gutters, and by leaving modules on the grid empty.
-What is type color/texture mean? Type color is used to describe the tonal density and texture created by type when set as continuous running text upon the page, more specifically it describes the degree of variation or contrast in weight btw. thick and thin strokes. Choice of typeface,size,leading,tracking,word spacing, and line measure effect the texture and color(tonal value) of text setting. The variation ranges from the minimal color, which is created from consistent weight of line (mono line) fonts, to pronounced color, which results from extreme contrast of thick and thin stroke widths.
-What is x-height, how does it effect type color? The x-height is the median line that defines the top of the lowercase letters-specifically the height of the lowercase x. The x-height varies btw. typefaces, and effects the type color by the relation btw. the x-height and ascenders and descenders. A font with a tall x-height will appear darker.
-In justification or H &J terms, what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, and maximum mean? The specific amount of space between words,the minimum being the least possible, the optimum being just right, maximum being the most.
-What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph? are there any rules? Indenting, color, rules, leading, breaking, running indent, hanging indent, or on-a- point indent.
Rules: Don't indent the first line of the beginning paragraph in an article, it should be flush left.
The indent should be equal to the leading.
-What is a literature?
-Difference btw. a foot mark and an apostrophe? A foot mark ( ' ) is a straight mark, used for showing a measurement, and an apostrophe is curved ( ’ ) and is used to show possession, for contractions, and to omit letters in some cases. Option shift ] is how you access the apostrophe.
-Difference btw. an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)? An inch mark is two marks ('') that are straight and mean inches. A quote mark is curved in ‘‘ ’’ and are used to quote material or a person. Option ] and Option shift ] will create the quote marks.
-What is a hyphen,en dash, and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used? a hyphen( -) is used for hyphenating words or line breaks. An en dash(option hyphen – ) is the width of a capital N, and is used btw. words indicating duration or when you have a compound adjectives and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word. An em dash( option shift hyphen — ) is twice as long as an en dash, and about the size of a capital M. Em dashes indicate a stop in thought, or used when a period is too strong and a comma is too weak.
-Things to look out for when hyphenating text: avoid more than two hyphenations in a row,and too many in one paragraph. Never hyphenate a heading. Break lines sensibly
-What does CMYK and RGB mean? Cyan Magenta Yellow Black, used in subtractive color printing, and Red, Green, and Blue,which is an additive color model.
-What does hanging punctuation mean? It means placing the quotations marks outside of the text block in order for the text to align along the vertical edge.
-What are ligatures? When are they used? When are they not used, what are common ligatures? A single form incorporating two or more letter parts which might otherwise touch or overlap. An example is the letters fi or fl. Ligatures are featured in many serif and sans serif fonts. They are used to create variation and a desired visual effect, they can be seen in many fonts that have calligraphic influences. Some common ligatures are fi,fl,ffi, or ffl. Ligatures should be avoided when using special spacing, and are not needed in some typefaces that are designed to eliminate problems that ligatures take care of.
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